Pfizer information systems Essay

Pfizer is a health organization in form of a pharmaceutical company. It has its headquarters in London. Due to the wide distribution of activities within the corporation however, success of its activities has been through the use of Clinical Management System (CMS). This is management software, which is in a form of a wide scope of database that support the storage, processing and release of information across different departments. In 2000, this information system database won the top honor towards care management. The nature of the database is inform of a complex autonomy of information sourcing, storage and dissemination center to the various departments within the organization. (http://ieeexplore. ieee. org/Xplore/login. jsp? url=/iel5/6709/20043/00926806. pdf? arnumber=926806) It has been an important implement towards the maintenance of patient records in electronic forms. It helps in providing support for the providers of primary care, care managers, health professionals and nurses with the most appropriate framework for decision-making. Within its system, CMS database holds records about the outlay of various chronic diseases. Elsewhere, it is equipped with the health information of various patients which is seen as an important step towards offering adequate performance lifestyle in the care management for the patients. (http://www. pfizer. com. my/01b_bus. asp) To Pfizer, CMS database system was developed as a solution towards patients care management. It has been a tool for supplement health care management in various institutional process management within the organization. A complex autonomy of data is held within its system which captures patient health history, chronic diseases, and medical attention given to them above others. Decision support for patients is attained through the provision of information across various departments within the organization. The database helps the professionals for health care in collected the most appropriate medical history, laboratory data, medical data information on treatment status, symptoms and other basic patient information. Within its system also, treatment information on patients that have diabetes, depression and heart failure is maintained. It also has a component of modules that are used by health care professionals in facilitating health lifestyles. Consequently, an approach towards lifestyles that help to reduce the risks involved in cardiovascular disease is provided. (http://www. pfizerhealthsolutions. com/media/071301_award. asp) Therefore, CMS is a risk management database system where information which is patient specific is stored. Consequently, the stored information is thus configured towards providing the most appropriate real-time analyzed decision support structures to the caregivers. The application of the information held in the system involves trained nurses as well as care managers who are licensed to use various program protocols under strict supervision of a specialist. They then deliver the most appropriate care towards the success of the patients. It has various clinical features and functions aimed at patient care management. Generally, Pfizer Health solutions have been known in offering and enhancing efficiency and quality in health care delivery. This would perhaps be a simple structure of database CMS information system.

Greek Myths and English Language Essay

Abstract: Do you know â€Å"Achilles’ Heel†? It’s an allusion from Greek myths. Instances like this are not difficult to find in English language. They are terse and vivid because of Greek myths and legends behind them. Therefore, they enjoy popular use. But these words and phrases are peculiar to the native culture and language, they appear exotic to foreign learners. So let’s share some words and idioms which are relevant to Greek myths in view of knowing the ins and outs of them and understanding how to apply them. In the meanwhile, they can help you understand English history and English culture more thoroughly and deep and taste the wisdom and humor of the English people. Key words: relationship, Greek myths, English language, English idioms  Once the Republican supporter made comments on Clinton’s scandal, â€Å"A misbehaving president is regarded as a government’s Achilles heel and is expected to resign.†Ã‚  What is Achilles’ heel? If you don’t know it, you will not understand the meaning of the supporter’s comments. The idiom means the weak or vulnerable point of a person, organization and country, etc. which comes from Greek myths. The story is about Achilles, one of the Greek heroes in the Iliad. When he was a child, he was taken by his mother Thetis and dipped in the river Styx to make him invulnerable. The water washed every part of his body expect the heel in his mother’s hand. It was precisely at his vulnerable point that Achilles was later killed in Trojan battle. Greek mythology is a set of legends about the gods, heroes, natural events and universal history of Hellenic civilization. The myths of Greece mostly come from Hellenic literature such as Homer’s Iliad, Hesiod’s Theogony and Sophocles’ drama. From the Renaissance to now, Greek Myths is one of their required courses when the English people receive classical education. These stories and myths are so enjoyable that they impress themselves upon the English. Therefore the myths of Greece become the abundant supply of English language. Let’s take Europe for instance. Sometimes it is also called Europa, which originally comes from Greek Mythology. In it, Europa is a princess who is abducted and carried off by a white bull to Crete, the cradle of Hellenic civilization. And the bull is actually Zeus, king of the Gods. In the same way, Paris is a person’s name also from Greek myths. Paris is the son of the King of Troy. These two are place names. And the main characters from Greek mythology also appear in everyday speech. For instance, a huge or heroic task is said to herculean. This is in tribute to the Greek mythological hero Hercules. And when you talk about a book of maps, atlas will occur to you. It is named after Atlas, a titan who supported the heavens on his shoulders. Here’s one you are probably familiar with it. It’s the word promethean which describes a daringly creative or defiantly original act, because of the Titan Prometheus, who defied the wrath of Zeus and stole fire in order to benefit humankind. And another word you may have used before without realizing your debt to Greek mythology. The word panic comes from Pan, the God of shepherds. Pan was always considered to be the cause of the sudden fear especially in lonely places. That’s why it’s called panic. Then more attention will be paid to the relationship between Greek myths and English idioms. Idioms consist of set phrases and short sentences, which are loaded with the native cultures and ideas. Therefore, there are a great deal of idioms are relevant to the myths of Greece. And these idioms are not easy to understand from its literal meanings, for example, Greek gift. Does it mean a gift made in Greece? Of course not, it symbolizes a dangerous gift. But as they are colourful, blunt, expressive and impressive, they form an important part of the English vocabulary and are now used in different situations. So I will share some of them with you in view of giving you the background of them. As defined by famous psychologist Sigmund Freud, Oedipus complex is the unconscious desire of a young child for sexual intercourse with the parent of the opposite sex, especially between boys and their mothers. The source of this complex is from the Greek legend of King Oedipus. Oedipus was the son of King Laius of Thebes, a city in Greece. There was a Apollo’s oracle predicted that he would killed his father and marry his mother. So when he was born his father Laius bound his feet together and had exposed him on a lonely mountaintop where it must soon starve. Then the poor infant was rescued by a shepherd and raised by Polybus, King of Corinth. And he was called Oedipus. Years later, Oedipus, too, like Laius, thought to make it impossible for the oracle to come true and resolved never to see Polybus. But on his journey he unwittingly killed King Laius with whom he quarreled. He arrived at Thebes shortly thereafter and saved the city from the ravages of the Sphinx. He was proclaimed king in Laius’ stead, and he took the dead king’s widow, Jocasta, as his own wife. After several years a terrible plague struck Thebes. The Apollo declared that the plague would be stayed upon one condition: whoever had murdered King Laius must be punished. In the course of his investigation, Oedipus discovered that he himself was the killer and that Laius had been his real father. Finally he couldn’t act against the decrees of fate. In his despair at this discovery, Oedipus blinded himself. Girls have a similar sexual desire for the father which is repressed in analogous fashion and is called Electra complex. It also comes from Greek mythology. Electra is the daughter of Agamemnon, the king who led the Greeks against Troy in the Trojan War. To obtain favorable winds for the Greek fleet sailing to Troy, Agamemnon sacrificed his daughter Iphigenia to the goddess Artemis and so came under a curse. After he returned home victorious, he was murdered by his wife, Clytemnestra, and her lover. To avenge his father’s death, Electra helped her brother kill their mother and her lover. The allusion also comes from the Greek legend of King Oedipus. The Sphinx is winged monster having the head and breasts of a woman and body of a lion. She lay in wait for the wayfarers along the roads to Thebes and whoever she seized she put a riddle to, telling him if he could answer it, she would let him go. No one could, and the horrible creature devoured man after man until the city was in a state of siege. And at that time, Oedipus heard what was happening in Thebes in his lonely wanderings. He was a homeless, friendless man to whom life meant little and he determined to seek the Sphinx out and try to solve the riddle. â€Å"What creature,† the Sphinx asked him, â€Å"goes on four feet in the morning, on two at noonday, on three in the evening?† â€Å"Man,† answered Oedipus. â€Å"In childhood he creeps on hands and feet; in manhood he walks erect; in old age he helps himself with a staff.† It was the right answer. The Sphinx, inexplicable, but most fortunately, killed herself. The Thebans were saved. It is so called Sphinx’s riddle which means difficult problems. And Sphinx is also used to describe an enigmatic person. The following are a few examples in actual uses.

Student Result Management System

The potential of CIT attracted the attention of the development planners in Bhutan and the 10th FYI was designed to fully harness the potential of Sits to achieve the developmental goal especially of poverty reduction of the Millennium Declaration and Gross National Happiness. In order to address the IT HRS need in the country and to promote and support IT industries in the country, the Information Technology Department (IT'D) proposed to introduce a four year Bachelor of Engineering in Information Technology degree in 2009.The College launched BE (IT) with 30 students from the winter semester of 010. Presently, IT'D is supported by 6 teaching faculty, two technicians and two CIT staff (CIT Unit). To support the IT program, the college is constructing a new IT building which will be equipped with the latest IT equipment and facilities. To provide wholesome IT knowledge and skills to the students, IT'D introduced modular courses from 2011 in collaboration with UNIT under Chippie Right er Project. The department is currently working to introduce a testing center at the college.Project Duration: Expected Starting Date: Planned Duration in months: 8th September, 2014 8 months Executive Summary: Page 2 Scope, Introduction and Background of the Project A. Scope of the Project: The scope of the project is as follows: 1 . Student management system will include : 0 Student admission/registration 0 Student details 0 Fee payment records 0 Student ID generation. 2. Result Management System will constitute the following modules: 0 Continuous assessment 0 Attendance report 0 Previous academic records 0 Semester module subscription 0 Student's quota validation 0 Publish / unpublished student results 0 View results B.Introduction: Bal . Project Background and Literature Review: (Detailed summary of what all has been done internationally in the proposed area quoting references and bibliography. Please note that this section demonstrates the depth of knowledge of the project team and builds the confidence of the evaluators about capability of the team in achieving the stated objectives. ) The number of students in the college are increasing. When it comes to registration, the cool The present system uses traditional means of paper and excel sheets for managing the student academic records and results.Managing manually doesn't validates the exact information like students statistics and moreover it's difficult to maintain each record. The exam management cell become quite handy with the increasing number f students every year and limited resources Thus, there need a systematic software/program to maintain the information and the academic performances of all the students. The proposed system is one of the solution that can not only reduce human work but can become effective too. The system will maintain every necessary details about each student, compile result and allow the students to view the result. 2. Current State of the Art: (Please describe the curren t state of the art specific to this research topic. ) Page 3 No result management system has been developed so far in the college. This will be he first attempt to develop the fully functioning result management system. C. (Please describe the challenges, specific to this research topic, currently being faced internationally. ) 0 New admission/registration are tedious with large number of students. 0 Difficulties in maintaining correct information about student appearing in a semester and a repeating semester. No system to keep track of student fee payment records. 0 Lack of online result viewing system. D. Motivation and Need: (Please describe the motivation and need for this work. ) The development of result management system would help lecturers and students to easily manage and maintain the results. The Student Management System, being the dependency of Result Management System, would enable the online registration / admission, manage and update the students' information, get th e statistics of students such as number of students passed or failed in certain years, details of students, etc.Student results can be made available online for viewing, keeping track of the academic performances and attendance reports. 3. A. Specific Objectives Being Addressed by the Project: (Please describe the measurable objectives of the project and define the expected results. Use results-oriented wording with verbs such as to develop.. ‘, to implement.. ‘, to research.. ‘, to determine.. ‘, to identify.. ‘ The objectives should not be statements and should not include explanations and benefits. The objective should actually specify in simple words what the project team intends to achieve (something concrete and measurable/ deliverable).Fill only those objectives that are applicable to the proposed project. ) AAA . Research Objectives: (if any) AAA. Academic Objectives: (if any) AAA. Industrial Objectives: (if any) Page 4 AAA. Other Objectives: (i f any) 4. Research Approach A. Development / Research / Test Methodology: (Please describe the technical details and Justification of your development and research plan and test plan and testing strategies. Identify specialized equipment, facilities and infrastructure which are required for the project and their utilization plan. The block diagrams, system flow charts, high level algorithm details etc. Eave to be provided in this section. ) Methodology for Development The methodology for our project is based on the Software Development Life Cycle (OSDL) We use a methodology that helps us design and develop complex systems sing phased approach (aka Waterfall model). This approach is designed to make sure that we don't move from one phase to another before we have assessed and verified the results of the current phase, and that we have all the necessary information to move on. This methodology also makes the software project management much simpler.The OSDL helps us to define the â₠¬Å"what†, work out â€Å"how', and then develop and deliver a quality product by the â€Å"when†. System development as defined in OSDL version we are adopting consists of seven key phases. Following is a brief introduction to these key phases : Phase 1 : Capturing the Requirements – This phase will involve sitting down with the college exam controller and the focal person who looks after the overall academic matters (Dean Academic Affairs), student management body (Dean Student Affairs) and do lot of listening, followed by a lot of writing.The end result will be a document that defines what the college management requires in terms that the college management can understand. 0 Phase 2: Analyzing the Requirements – In this process, we will develop a deeper understanding of the requirements and will gather as much data we can to help while designing the solution. 0 Phase 3: Designing a Solution – After we understand the requirements and have analyzed them in detail, we will produce a design. This phase defines how the system will be built. Phase 4: Developing a Solution – From the â€Å"what† and the how, we will produce and test the individual, self-contained modules that will make up the solution. 0 Phase 5: System Integration and Testing – We will now take all the modules developed in Phase 4 and put them together as a complete solution. For the first time, we can test the entire system as a cohesive entity. We will confirm that we have a solid product that meets all the original requirements.

Management failures in entrepreneurship Term Paper

Management failures in entrepreneurship - Term Paper Example In order to fix a failure, people should first identify what the problem is. This paper will extensively discuss and analyze in-depth about two or three of the most common failures in entrepreneurship ventures. The failures to be analyzed and discussed here relate to financing and management execution. These form part of the major indicators of the failure of most entrepreneurial ventures. An aspiring entrepreneur can avoid these so as to succeed in an entrepreneurial career, if one is intending to set out in entrepreneurship, or if one has already started a form of business of their own (Greene 20). Wrong or Misplaced Motivation of the Entrepreneur To succeed, for someone setting out in entrepreneurship, they should be profit or success motivated or oriented. Although one cannot be told his objective, it is recommended that an entrepreneur think about it, as well as all the possible incentives, many times – and thoroughly. In fact, they should go beyond monetary values. In mo st cases, for a great majority of successful entrepreneurs, it usually comes as a surprise that most of them really like their businesses, which is the main reason behind their success. This also contributes to their monetary success, thus they receive monetary gains in doing what they love. The main argument or principle here is that if anything is set out for misplaced reasons, then it is more than likely to be terminated for the same reasons. For example, if one only considers monetary incentives while setting out on an entrepreneurial venture, and if the only intention is to generate massive money, then one’s mentality will be put to a great test if zero profit is generated after approximately five years of operation. As an entrepreneur, one may want to donate cash or build a house for the needy, charity or early retirement. Whatever one may decide to do, it should be a motivation for one to keep going regardless of the tough situations he may encounter as an entrepreneur (Greene 25). Weak Management structures Numerous reports on failures in entrepreneurship view weak management structures as a major reason for lack of success by some entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs are more than likely to fail in their business unless they make out their areas of weaknesses and look for any form of professional assistance. A successful entrepreneur comes up with a conducive work environment which encourages innovation and productivity. As an entrepreneur, one has to be good in recruiting proficient people and teaching/training them on the specifics of your business (Greene 31). Professionalism and experience are very critical in ensuring that an entrepreneurial venture succeeds. For one to succeed, he/she must recruit experienced staff/employees, who will bring in more innovative ideas to the business, hence facilitating its success to greater heights or levels in future. The modern business environment has become very competitive; hence for one to overcome the extre me market competition, he/she has to be very innovative and diverse. In the management scheme, one must be able to readily avail of marketing services. Most new enterprises just lack marketing budgets that are large. However, this is not a reason for failure to market, since if one is not doing it well, someone else more proficient in management will do it better (Greene 37). Strategic or planned marketing is very essential to the success of any business and therefore, entrepreneurs should give special attention to marketing their products, so as to make people

Theodor Herzl Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Theodor Herzl - Research Paper Example He did this by organizing meetings meant to ensure the unity of the Jews. He also met leaders from Europe to try and negotiate the Jewish resettlement. Herzl also wrote articles to try to pass out information to the Jews and the European leaders about his Zionist beliefs. Herzl did not gather much support, but the resettlement of the Jews in their land could be accredited to his struggles. This paper discusses the works of Theodor Herzl to bring out his significance in the Zionist culture. Discussion It is important to note here that Theodor Herzl was first opposed to Zionism; he had accepted assimilation. Then what changed his mind? It was the prosecution of Dreyfus in 1894 that led Theodor Herzl to change his mind and support Zionism. Dreyfus was convicted of treason in France, and without any evidence, he was condemned to death. Theodor Herzl believed that Dreyfus was sentenced to death unfairly just because he was a Jew. Following the conviction of Dreyfus, several anti-semantic rallies were organized in Europe. This made Herzl discover that the Jews were greatly discriminated. This was just one Jew who had been unfairly convicted. Herzl concluded that the rights of the Jews were not respected in their land of domicile. Theodor Herzl wanted the Jews to live in a culture where they enjoyed equal human rights and got on well with other societies. Due to the events that were occurring, he believed that this could not be achieved through assimilation. He observed that the Jews were willing to be assimilated, but it is the majority societies who were not willing to assimilate them. The other countries treated Jews as being anti-social, in connection to which Herzl claimed the anti-social nature of the Jews was due to several years of oppression. The achievements of the Jews in science and commerce were not recognized. He claimed intermarriage would not be a solution because the citizens of majority society would not accept to marry the people they regarded as an ti-social. The Jews would not also have an opportunity to rule because they would not be voted in. He opposed the view that hostility towards the Jews would reduce; in fact, he said it would increase. He said the more the Jews stayed in foreign lands, the more they would be oppressed. If they could not assimilate them, then, he believed, they should have formed their own state that had its own cultures. In his writings, Theodor Herzl brought out a plan for the exodus of Jews to the Holy Land. He projected the social structure of this land. He advocated for formation of nationwide cooperatives whose productive processes would be commonly owned; abolition of competition; and removal of the state and invention of new modes of production (Zilbersheid 83). This, he believed, would ensure that the welfare of the Jews was taken care of. The only way to achieve this was through the resettlement of the Jews in their own land. His writings are significant here because it raised a spirit of li beration for the Jews. By forecasting how their land’s culture would be, more and more Jews were expected to accept Zionism as their only liberation. Theodor Herzl was very passionate in his works and put them in a way that led people to accept Zionism. One example is when he went to the Jews tycoons (Edmund de Rothschild and Maurice de Hirsch) to seek aid for the Jewish people; he portrayed himself as a beggar humbly seeking aid for the Jewish citizens. He always sought financial aid from the rich

Three Monkeys Tea and Cofee House - Strengths and Weaknesses Essay

Three Monkeys Tea and Cofee House - Strengths and Weaknesses - Essay Example Otherwise, the location of Three Monkeys can be characterized as ideal, offering options of coffee/ lunch both inside and outside. Indeed, the Coffee Shop has an impressive patio, a feature that has been available mostly because of Three Monkeys Coffee House’s location, as presented in pictures (Photo 1, Appendices). Interior and exterior design features In terms of interior and exterior design, Three Monkeys cannot be characterized as an ordinary cafe. The Coffee House’s decoration is full of Mediterranean features, as it is made clear through the photos 2, 3, 4, and 5, which were taken during my visit in the particular cafe. In its inside the cafe resembles like a Mediterranean Coffee House; there are many decorative items of different size and color; in any case, dark colors are preferred giving to the place, at least in its inside, the sense of limited space. It should be noted that walls are almost totally covered with frames incorporating a wide range of themes, s uch as advertisements of movies, personal photos, paintings and so on. Large jars are used for storing cakes and other types of food; these jars are used as decorative items, as storage places but also as tools of marketing, i.e. for showing the food available (i.e. cakes, biscuits etc.) to the customers. From this point of view, the internal decoration of Three Monkeys can be characterized as quite effective, giving the sense of house-like environment, i.e. reminding family. Still, the over-use of decorative items may be considered as a negative aspect of the place’s interior design. There are possibly customers that would prefer less decorative items in the cafe’s inside, so that they would be less depressed when enjoying their coffee; the above view is based on the fact that decoration when it is based on the excessive use of decorative items, so that all free areas, including walls, are covered, can decrease a place’s attractiveness. This is possibly a reaso n that in modern architecture open and empty spaces are quite common as parts of buildings of different use. In the cafe’s exterior, a similar approach has been used; however, here the use of decorative items is quite limited, as showed in Photo 1 (Appendices). As in the cafe’s interior, in its exterior also a sense of international decoration is clear (Photo 1 and 1a); however, in its exterior area, the cafe seems to emphasize on the provision of green spaces, as indicated by the plants placed near to tables (Photo 1). Decorative items of Mediterranean style have been also added here but they are limited; in any case, the exterior area of the cafe has the advantage of open space (Photos 1 and 1a), an issue that was highlighted as a problem in regard to the cafe’s interior, as noted above. Therefore it is mainly the exterior area that adds in the cafe’s value in terms of ambience, as analyzed further below. Theme and ambience As explained earlier, in Thre e Monkeys emphasis has been given on the excessive use of decorative items so that the place achieves an advantage, compared to the other cafes of the West End. It seems that the specific target has been achieved; the cafe has a unique ambience, based on the use of decorative items related to the Mediterranean and eastern cultures (Photos 2 – 5). This is a characteristic, which is welcomed by the cafe’

The Layoff Procedure and the Effect of Layoff on Remaining Workers Assignment

The Layoff Procedure and the Effect of Layoff on Remaining Workers - Assignment Example Any organization especially those formed for the purpose of profit has different stakeholders (like shareholders, owners, the top management, employees, creditors etc). it could be said that workers have conflicting interests with the management and or stakeholders and owners. The former seeks to hold a secure job with maximum compensation and other benefits while the latter group is focused on cutting costs and developing a lean organization able to cope up the increasingly global business environment. If the economy is healthy, a fine balance can be achieved between these two conflicts. But factors beyond the control of an organization like competition and more severe recession on a national and global scale can force the management to bring down expenses through such procedures like layoffs. While the management generally goes about this procedure with a level of cold and inhuman attitude, it is the workers that bear the blunt (economic and social) of being left without a job. Thi s section deals with the attitude of the workers subject to layoffs. There could be genuine reasons why such an action is taken by the management. For example, a worker or a group of employees may not be up to the mark of performance criteria set up by the organization. According to a business article, such actions can even extend to acts of insubordination. These can be justified that workers have gone against the common good of that organization. But in other instances, layoffs occur due to no fault of the employee. In such cases, the mindset of those affected can be encapsulated as follows – â€Å"No matter the cause for dismissal, telling a worker that his or her services are no longer required is a difficult statement to make. You may cushion the blow with praise, you may justify it with numbers, or you may cite the worker's poor performance as the reason, but no matter what you say to the fired employee and no matter how you explain it, the end result can be devastatin g to both parties involved† (Davis, 2009).

CTE 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CTE 3 - Essay Example The Syrian opposition accused the Syrian government of shelling that led to the mass killing. When asked, the government of Syria denied the responsibility and referred to the accusations as baseless allegations, though the accounts could not be verified because of the restricted observers and journalists. â€Å"Those responsible for perpetrating these crimes must be held to account. We cannot allow mass killing to become part of everyday reality in Syria† (Annan cited in Khan, 2012). Last year, commencement of the street uprising among the Syrians has led to the development of a scattered and sprawling force of opposition that attempted to bring the President’s regime down. The White House spokesman Jay Carney noticed elements of threat for the US in the uprisings that he revealed in these words, â€Å"We’ve certainly noted that there are some elements of the opposition that are not necessarily friendly to the United States. They do not make up the bulk of the opposition, and the opposition is not entirely unified, as you know† (Carney cited in Childress, 2012). In December 2012, the US joined the Gulf states, France, Turkey, and Britain to formally identify the opposition of Syria in the National Coalition as Syrian people’s legitimate representative (BBC, 2013). Syria and Turkey have placed ban on providing air space to each other’s planes after five civilians were killed as a result of the Syrian mortar fire on the border of Turkey. President Obama then said that the National Coalition includes and represents the big step. Syria has an effective program of research and development in the area of nuclear energy. Syria is working with Russia and China to develop a program of civilian nuclear energy. In addition to that, in spite of the fact that Syria has signed the Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT), Syria has not yet signed the Additional Protocol NPT. Likewise, Syria has not signed the Chemical Weapons Convention. Currently, Syria is running a

Bioinformatics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bioinformatics - Essay Example To function correctly, each cell depends on thousands of proteins to function in the right places at the right times. When a mutation alters a protein that plays a critical role in the body, a medical condition can result. A condition caused by mutations in one or more genes is called a genetic disorder. Some mutations alter a gene's DNA base sequence but do not change the function of the protein made by the gene. Studies in the fly Drosophila melanogaster suggest that if a mutation does change a protein, this will probably be harmful, with about 70 percent of these mutations having damaging effects, and the remainder being either neutral or weakly beneficial (Sawyer , et al 2007).If a mutation is present in a germ cell, it can give rise to offspring that carries the mutation in all of its cells. This is the case in hereditary diseases. On the other hand, a mutation can occur in a somatic cell of an organism. Such mutations will be present in all descendants of this cell, and certain mutations can cause the cell to become malignant, and thus cause cancer (Ionov , et al 1993). Although many mutations are deleterious, mutations may have a positive effect given certain selective pressures in a population. For example, a specific 32 base pair deletion in human CCR5 (CCR5-32) confers HIV resistance to homozygotes and delays AIDS onset in heterozygotes(Sawyer , et al 2007). The CCR5 mutation is more common in those of European descent. One theory for the etiology of the relatively high frequency of CCR5-32 in the European population is that it conferred resistance to the bubonic plague in mid-14th century Europe. People who had this mutation were able to survive infection; thus, its frequency in the population increased(Ionov , et al 1993). It could also explain why this mutation is not found in Africa where the bubonic plague never reached. Newer theory says the selective pressure on the CCR5 Delta 32 mutation has been caused by smallpox instead of the bubonic plague(Galvani and Slatkin, 2003). - Render the alignment into a box-shaded diagram. Identify the position of the mutation on the multiple sequence alignment. Can you deduce anything from these data Check that your sequences are appropriately gapped . 3'-AA/860 bp insert : 5'-TTTCATGA----- //----- TCATGAAA-3' 3'-AAAGTACT----- //----- AGTACTTT-5' 3'-TT/860 bp insert : 5'-AATCATGA----- //----- TCATGATT-3' 3'-TTAGTACT----- //----- AGTACTAA-5' 3'-CC/860 bp insert : 5'-GGTCATGA----- //----- TCATGACC-3' 3'-CCAGTACT----- //----- AGTACTGG-5' 3'-GG/860 bp insert : 5'-CCTCATGA----- //----- TCATGAGG-3' 3'-GGAGTACT----- //----- AGTACTCC-5' Note that for each respective PCR product, the last eight bases at each 3'-end of the DNA are identical. Also note that only the first two and the last two base pair positions vary between the four PCR products. The PCR products were designed in this way to directly measure the effect of 3'-base composition on blunt vector and T-vector efficiency (Novy, Yaeger, and Kolb, 2008). From the human protein sequence, present any Prosite motif and conserved sequence domains in a sequence diagram. Identify the position of the mutation on the diagram. Can you deduce anything from these data Representative Sequence Length Mass (Da) A2QKA5 Checksum: FF7C4CB42EEB5629 385 41,846 10 20

Outline What Radio Station Or Stations You Listen Essay Example for Free

Outline What Radio Station Or Stations You Listen Essay My interests in listening to radio and TV programs are focused mainly on news programs, current affairs features and interviews. I am excited by interviews of world leaders, the current news and programs relating to current affairs. For this reason, my favorite channel on radio is CBC Radio One and my preferred channel on TV is CNN. The radio station that I listen to for news and current affairs is Radio One, it is a CBC channel and the World Report makes me abreast of major news program. It is broadcast at one hour interval so that I can listen to it even if I miss one bulletin. The World Report in the morning allows me to keep abreast of the international new that have taken place during the night. In addition, the program has domestic stories and the events that are expected to happen during the day. Listening to Radio One in the morning makes me ready to face the day. Also I love listening to the voice of Judy Maddren every morning. It is refreshing. Another program that I like listening to is Sounds Like Canada on Radio One. It is Shelagh Rogers’ perspective on the different communities and citizens of Canada. The program explores the diversity and allows us to meet her guests every weekday. Another program that I enjoy listening to regularly on Radio One is As It Happens in the evening. This program is a current affairs program that brings interesting interviews with world leaders and deposed leaders. The program loves eccentricities and I love the program for the depth to which it goes in probing every story. The program addresses complaints, digs into demonstrations, carries cries for justice and investigates bizarre scenarios. This is really an exciting program. On the television the program that I like the best is Larry-King Live on CNN. I like this show because of the manner in which interviews and discussions are carried out. Larry-King shows great sensitivity towards the people he interviews and the results are great. The persons whom he interviews open up. He takes phone calls from all over the world. The persons he has interviewed recently are Anna Nicole Smith, Rudi Giuliani and Judge Judy! Again on CNN, I watch the Anderson Cooper 360 degrees. This show gives me a good look at world events, including the most important news from all over the world. Why I find this show fascinating is that it presents the most mundane news in an interesting manner and it also gives news that would normally have been ignored by other news channels. I also like the medical news given by Dr. Sanjay Gupta in this program. I have got several useful health tips from this program. Some of the important features of Anderson Cooper 360 degrees that I like are the blog, newsmaker interviews and ‘keeping them honest’. I really like the honesty tilt to the shows. It really catches crooks. On CNN I like the ’Late Edition’ (Cable News Network 2007). This show dishes out excellent interviews with leaders. The interviewees have included the president of the USA, the US Vice-President and the past president. In addition there are international stories and the latest news. I like this program because the interviews are high profile, the news objective and features interesting. To sum, I love listening to Radio One, a CBC channel, the programs that I like are the World Report, As It Happens, and Sounds Like Canada. On the TV the programs that I watch are on the CNN. These programs are Larry-King Live, Anderson Cooper 360 degrees and the ‘Late Edition’.

The key steps of the implantation

The key steps of the implantation IMPLANTATION The life journey of a conceptus consists of many stages right from the point of conception to the point of birth which is one of natures wonders. However, an essential stage in this journey is the process of implantation. Implantation is generally defined as an event in which an embryo becomes progressively attached to the wall of the uterus during early pregnancy. This process is pivotal to the events that occur later in pregnancy. According to Makrigiannakis (2005), implantation is an active process in which a blastocyst apposes, attaches and progressively invades into the endometrium to establish the placenta (Figure 5). From this definition, we can deduce that the embryo undergoes the process of implantation at the blastocyst stage (Figure 1). Implantation is a process that occurs in mammals and it takes places in the endometrial lining of the uterus. IMPORTANCE OF IMPLANTATION Implantation is a key event in the reproductive physiology of mammals as it is a pre-requisite for further embryonic development. It is the first stage in the process of placental formation which is in turn is a crucial component of fetal development as it serves as a medium for nutrient absorption, gaseous exchange and waste disposal. Physiological defects in humans and other mammals have gone further to emphasize the importance of the implantation process. Implantation defects have been associated with non-chromosomal early pregnancy loss and infertility (Makrigiannakis, 2005). Many complications that show up late in pregnancy such as pre-eclampsia and preterm labour appear to have originated early in pregnancy with abnormalities in the process of implantation and placental development (Norwitz, 2006). Another implantation defect is a phenomenon known as ectopic pregnancy. In this case, the blastocyst implants outside the uterine cavity usually in the fallopian tubes although ectop ic implantation could also occur in the cervix, abdomen and ovaries. A good understanding of the steps involved in the process of implantation and the factors controlling these steps are necessary in order to be able to influence clinical outcomes in humans such as reduction of recurrent miscarriages and improvement of implantation rates in both natural and assisted reproduction. This will also be beneficial to the use of animals in the area of research and agriculture. A greater detail of the events that take place before and during the process implantation shall be discussed herein. PRE-IMPLANTATION DEVELOPMENT The developmental events that take place between the fertilization of the ovum and the implantation of the blastocyst are important in order to understand the process of implantation. Following fertilization, a process known as cleavage occurs (Figure 1). Cleavage is the mitotic division of the cells of the resulting embryo without any growth. This starts from the time the embryo is at the 2-cell stage and each cell continues to divide up to the morula stage. At this point the embryo is a solid ball of 16 or more cells. In humans, this stage is normally observed at about 4 days after fertilization. In continuation of development, the morula undergoes a process known as compaction. Here, the embryonic cells begin to change shape and gap junctions start to form between adjacent cells. The inner cells of the embryo then start to differentiate from the outer cells as different genes are being expressed in the inner and the outer cells. Blastocyst formation follows shortly after and the i nner cells give rise to the inner cell mass whilst the outer cells give rise to the trophoblast cells (Figure 1). A vast knowledge of the structure of the blastocyst is important as each of its structural components play an important role in the process of implantation. The inner cell mass of a blastocyst gives rise to the embryo proper while the trophoblast gives rise to the fetal component of the placenta (Schoenwolf et al., 2009). The process of implantation is generally known to take place a few days after fertilization and the uterine wall is ready to accept the implanting blastocyst during a limited period of time outside of which it may not optimally support the implantation of the embryo. This period of time is known as the ‘window of implantation (Psychoyos et al., 1995; Klentzeris, 1997). THE BLASTOCYST AND THE UTERUS BEFORE IMPLANTATION In the build up to the implantation process following pre-implantation development, there are a number of necessary events that take place. First of all, there has to be a receptive and hormonally primed uterus present. The uterus is composed of 3 layers namely the endometrium, perimetrium and myometrium (Figure 2). The endometrium which is the most important uterine tissue involved in implantation consists of the luminal epithelium, the stroma and the germinal basalis (Yoon et al., 2004). The hormone progesterone, which is secreted by the corpus luteum, is actively involved here as it makes the already thickened endometrial lining of the uterus more favourable for the implantation of the blastocyst. The thickening of the endometrium is due to the effect of estrogens (Norwitz, 2006). The blastocyst is then transported to the uterus via signalling mechanisms and arrives there at about 5 to 7 days after fertilization (Bischof and Campana, 1996). After the blastocyst arrives in the uter us, it begins to move towards the endometrium with the inner cell mass positioned towards the endometrial lining (Bischof and Campana, 1996). Before any further interaction with the endometrium, the blastocyst must undergo a process known as hatching. This simply involves the blastocyst boring a hole through the zona pellucida with the aid of enzymes and squeezing out. It is a general school of thought that serine proteases are responsible for this process although the mechanisms behind its action are not clearly understood (OSullivan et al., 2002). After hatching, the blastocyst is naked of all its original investments and can interact directly with the endometrium (Schoenwolf et al., 2009). At this time, blastocystis also known to secrete moleculesthat affect the activity of the ovary, fallopian tube and the endometrium (Norwitz, 2006). Shortly before the blastocyst comes in contact with the endometrium, thetrophoblastdifferentiates intotwo different cell masses, which are the inn er cytotrophoblast and the outer syncytiotrophoblast which is formed as a result of the fusion of cytotrophoblast cells. PATTERNS OF IMPLANTATION There are three known patterns of implantation which are centric, eccentric and interstitial (Wimsatt, 1975). Centric implantation occurs when the embryo expands and increases in size before implantation, then stays in the centre of the uterus (Lee and DeMayo, 2004). Examples of animals that undergo this pattern of implantation include rabbits, dogs, cows, pigs, sheep, horses and a number of marsupials. Eccentric implantation occurs when the embryo is small in size and implants inside the endometrium usually taking place on the side of the uterus, opposite to the mesometrium (Lee and DeMayo, 2004). Examples of animals that show this pattern of implantation include rats, mice and hamsters. In Interstitial implantation, the embryo is also small and it invades through the endometrial epithelium into the subepithelial connective tissue (Lee and DeMayo, 2004). Examples of animals under this category include guinea pigs and humans (Wimsatt, 1975). KEY STEPS OF THE IMPLANTATION PROCESS There are three key steps in the process implantation namely apposition, attachment and invasion. Apposition This is the first major step of the implantation process following the hatching of the blastocyst. During apposition, the blastocyst comes in slight contact forming a weak bond with the uterine luminal epithelium. Microvilli on the apical surface of the cytotrophoblasts interlock with microprotrusions called pinopodes (Figure 3) which are present on the apical surface of the endometrial epithelium (Norwitz et al., 2001). This interaction involves changes in the expression of cell adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (Nagaoka et al., 2003). Pinopodes are progesterone-dependent organelles, and they have been suggested to be indicators of endometrial receptivity (Nikas, 1999). In humans, they are usually visible on days 20-21 of the menstrual cycle prior to the time of implantation (Nikas, 1999). They could facilitate implantation by preventing the blastocyst from being swept away by uterine cilia (Stavreus-Evers, 2005). It has been identified that high molecular w eight mucin glycoproteins particularly MUC1, are dominant inhibitors of embryo apposition and attachment (Thathiah and Carson, 2002). However, a decrease in the expression of MUC1 at the time of implantation could facilitate blastocyst apposition (Thathiah and Carson, 2002). During apposition, soluble mediators such as chemokines e.g. CX3CL1, CCL7, CCL14 and CCL4 have been found to establish a dialogue between the maternal cells and those of the blastocyst (Hannan and Salamonsen, 2007). Chemokines are a large family of chemotactic cytokines, well known for their functions in leucocyte recruitment and activation (Dominguez et al., 2003). They have a wide range of functions and have been implicated to play a role in implantation (Dominguez et al., 2003). Chemokines have been localized in areas of inflammation and they are suggested to be potential mediators of inflammation (Feng, 2000). This could be the reason why blastocysts tend to implant on scar tissue from caesarean sections which is an area of inflammation (Dominguez et al., 2005). The dialogue between the maternal and blastocyst cells has important influences on the development of the implanting blastocyst and maintenance of endometrial receptivity (Hannan and Salamonsen, 2007). It also results in the expression of a unique array of adhesion molecules on the surface of both fetal and maternal cells, promoting the attachment of the trophoblast cells to the endometrial epithelium (Hannan and Salamonsen, 2007). Attachment Following apposition, the next step in the process of implantation is known as attachment or adhesion. This is characterized by increased physical contact between the blastocyst and the uterine epithelium (Norwitz et al., 2001). At this point the blastocyst can no longer be dislodged. A ligand carbohydrate known as trophinin has been identified as an adhesion molecule that mediates the initial step of attachment of the blastocyst to the endometrial epithelium (Fukuda and Sugihara, 2008). Trophinin mediates cell adhesion by homophilic Trophinin-Trophinin binding (Fukuda and Sugihara, 2008). A carbohydrate-binding protein known as L-selectin which is expressed in the blastocyst, has also been discovered to play a role in human embryo attachment (Genbacev et al., 2003). Interaction between L-selectin on the blastocyst and L-selectin ligands on the endometrial surface allows for loose attachment and rolling of blastocyst to its implantation site ((Fukuda and Sugihara, 2008). The human Ch orionic Gonadotrophin (HCG) produced by the blastocyst up regulates trophinin expression on pinopodes and down regulates MUC1 expression (Fukuda and Sugihara, 2008). The blastocyst then adheres to the pinopodes by trophinin-trophinin interaction (Figure 4). A substance known as Heparin Binding Epidermal Growth Factor (HB EGF) has also been implicated in blastocyst attachment (Lim and Dey, 2008). This growth factor is expressed by the endometrium whilst its receptors are present on the blastocyst. This interaction also helps in facilitating the attachment of the blastocyst. Figure 4: Proposed role of L-selectin and trophinin in human embryo implantation. Source: Fukuda and Sugihara, 2008. (a) A human blastocyst entering the uterine cavity is prevented from attaching to the endometrial epithelia by MUC1, except for epithelia that express the L-selectin ligand (T). The human blastocyst expresses L-selectin (L), and ‘rolls on the surface of the endometrium covered by glycocalyx. (b) The blastocyst feebly interacts with the glycocalyx. Here, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) which is secreted from the blastocyst, acts locally on endometrial epithelia to induce trophinin expression. (c) Trophinin expressed by endometrial epithelia is enriched in the pinopodes, the structure extended above the glycocalyx. MUC1, which carries the L-selectin ligand, is down-regulated from the endometrial epithelia underneath the blastocyst, allowing direct contact and attachment of blastocyst trophectoderm cells and pinopodes via trophinin-trophinin binding. Invasion The next step which is critical to the implantation of the blastocyst is known as invasion. As the term implies, this involves the infiltration of the endometrium by the cytotrophoblast cells of the blastocyst. This starts with the progression of the trophoblast cells between the adjacent endometrial epithelial cells to reach the underlying basement membrane. This membrane is destroyed, allowing the trophoblast cells to reach the stromal compartment (Bischof and Campana, 1996). The syncytiotrophoblast undergoes proliferation and invades the endometrial stroma. The progressive invasion of the blastocyst into the endometrium continues until the blastocyst is completely embedded in subepithelial stromal tissue and the uterine epithelium grows to cover the implantation site (Norwitz, 2006). The syncytiotrophoblast cells continue to develop quickly and surround the blastocyst until it has completely embedded itself in the endometrial stroma. In the syncytiotrophoblast, fluid-filled spaces known as lacunae are formed as a result of the fusion of syncytiotrophoblast cells. The lacunae are separated by trabeculae and they transform the syncytiotrophoblast into a sponge-like material (Bischof and Campana, 1996). The trabeculae are arranged radially, and cytotrophoblastic cells divide within the trabeculae, leading to the formation of primary chorionic villi (Bischof and Campana, 1996). Following this event, the primary villi grow and branch into secondary and tertiary villi (Bischof and Campana, 1996). This process is known as placentation. A wide range of factors e.g. cytokines, integrins, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), Leukaemia Inhibiting Factor (LIF) e.t.c have been found to play a role in the invasion process (Makrigiannakis, 2005; Norwitz, 2006). The role of these c omponents in the process of implantation shall be discussed shortly under the factors that regulate implantation. Figure 5: Implantation of the human blastocyst step by step. Source: Bischof and Campana, 1996. (1): Transport. The blastocyst arrives in the uterus after fertilization. (2) Orientation: The inner cell mass is positioned towards the endometrial lining. (3) Hatching: The zona pellucida is perforated making way for the release of the blastocyst. (4) Apposition: The blastocyst is now in close contact with the endometrial lining but no connections have been established. (5) Adhesion: Connections are established between the embryo and the endometrial epithelium. (6) Invasion: Thin folds of trophectodermal cells intrude between the endometrial epithelial cells. (7) Syncytialization: Some trophectodermal cells fuse to form syncytia which proliferate and invade the endometrial stroma. (8) Villous formation: The cytotrophoblastic cells migrate between the syncytia followed by the fetal stroma. This will lead to the formation of the placental villi. The cells of the endometrial stroma react to the presence of the blastocyst and the secretion of progesterone by differentiating into metabolically active, secretory cells called decidual cells (Schoenwolf et al., 2009). This response is known as the decidual reaction or decidualization. In humans, this begins in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. The decidua is also known as the maternal portion of the placenta (Gilbert, 2006) and it is believed to provide an element of control of trophoblast invasion during implantation (Loke and King, 1995). The decidualized stroma cells have been found to secrete prolactin and Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-1(IGFBPI) which are held to function in complex gene networks that function in the regulation of trophoblast invasion as well as many other endocrine and paracrine factors (Bazer et al., 2010). This regulatory function is required for the optimal implantation of the blastocyst as the invasion of the cytotrophoblast to the proper depth is a major factor in determining pregnancy outcome (Norwitz, 2006). Excessive invasion resulting from the inability of the decidua to control the invading cytotrophoblast cells could lead to an unusually strong attachment of the placenta to the myometrium (placenta accreta), extension into the myometrium (placenta increta), or invasion through the myometrium into adjacent organs also known as placenta percreta (Norwitz, 2006). Insufficient cytotrophoblast invasion has also been associated with pre-eclampsia (Lyall, 2006; Lee et al., 2010) which is a medical complication that presents itself late in pregnancy. During implantation, a process known as angiogenesis has been identified to be important (Sherer and Abulafia, 2001). Angiogenesis is the growth of new capillaries from pre-existing blood vessels. In this case, it occurs in the endometrium and takes place throughout the implantation period. Endometrial angiogenesis starts with the degradation of the capillary vessel membrane, creating a means through which migrating endothelial cells proliferate to create a new lumen and further vessel maturation (Sherer and Abulafia, 2001). This vascularization functions to maintain endometrial structure and receptivity. Angiogenesis is known to be mediated by some factors present in the endometrium such as fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet activating factors (Norwitz 2006; Sherer and Abulafia, 2001). FACTORS THAT REGULATE IMPLANTATION The regulation of implantation and early development is dependent on a wide range of factors. Although the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind implantation are not well understood, it is apparent that multiple factors (including maternal and fetal) are needed to synchronize blastocyst maturation and uterine receptivity up to the point of initiation of implantation and through the process of implantation (Norwitz, 2006). A closer look will now be taken at some of the important factors associated with implantation and early pregnancy maintenance. Maternal factors Starting with the uterine (maternal) side, there are a lot of components to consider. Cytokines and growth factors have been shown by different studies to be important to the maternal role in implantation. These include interleukin-1 (Sheth et al., 1991; Simon et al., 1996; Stewart and Cullinan, 1997; Huang et al., 1998), Interleukin-2 (Stewart and Cullinan, 1997), Insulin-like growth factor I and II (Stewart and Cullinan, 1997; Giudice and Irwin, 1999), transforming growth factor a and (Slowey et al., 1994; Stewart and Cullinan, 1997; Godkin and Dore, 1998), vascular endothelial growth factor (Athanassiades et al., 1998) and leukemia inhibitory factor (Cullinan et al., 1996; Stewart and Cullinan, 1997). The mode of function of the leukemia inhibitory factor is not well understood but has been established as a critical factor in the process of implantation (Stewart et al., 1992; Cheng et al. 2002). These cytokines and growth factors all work towards facilitating the communication bet ween the blastocyst and the uterus whilst promoting endometrial proliferation and differentiation (Norwitz, 2006). They have also been found to regulate endometrial angiogenesis and vascular permeability (Norwitz, 2006). As mentioned earlier, some steroid hormones such as Progesterone (Peyron et al., 1993) and Oestradiol-17 (Miller, 1988) have also been found to be important. They function in the proliferation of uterine epithelial cells and endometrial stromal cells (Norwitz, 2006). Some changes in the uterine luminal epithelium such as the expression of pinopodes (Nikas, 1999) and MUC 1 (Thathiah and Carson, 2002) have been suggested to be important for blastocyst recognition and attachment. Transcription factors such as the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-s (Lim et al., 1999; Barak et al., 1999) have been identified to function in defining the molecular mechanisms by which the regulatory factors exert their effects at a cellular level (Norwitz, 2006). Studies have shown the relevance of some other components such as homeobox genes Hoxa-10 and 11 which have been found to regulate the responsiveness of stromal cells to progesterone (Benson et al., 1996; Taylor et al., 1997; Lim et al., 19 99), Cyclooxy-genase-2 which regulates prostaglandin production (Norwitz and Wilson 2000) and oxygen tension (Genbacev et al., 1997) which has been found to promote trophoblast vascular mimicry by initiating integrin expression. Also, proteins such as Rac1 and RhoA which are found in stromal cells have been implicated in trophoblast invasion (Grewal et al., 2008). Fetal factors Evaluations of the blastocyst (fetal) factors also reveal that present here, are some of the groups of factors present on the maternal side of implantation as they possess some overlapping functions. Cytokines and growth factors, in addition to facilitating communication between the blastocyst and uterus, could also enhance trophoblast differentiation and invasion. These include Interleukin-1, Interleukin-6 (Stewart and Cullinan, 1997), leukemia inhibiting factor, transforming growth factor a and , insulin-like growth factor II and colony stimulating factor-1 (Stewart and Cullinan, 1997, Cohen et al., 1997). Some trophoblast proteinases and inhibitors such as the matrix metalloproteinases (Makrigiannakis, 2005) and cathepsin B and L (Afonso et al., 1997) have also been found to regulate trophoblast invasion. The expression of some adhesion molecules e.g. integrins have been identified in the enhancement of trophoblast invasion. Some of them include integrin a64, integrin a11 and E-ca dherin (Lessey, 1998; Lessey and Arnold, 1998; Damsky and Fisher, 1998). Some other important factors include prostaglandin E2 which aids the process of endometrial apoptosis and platelet-activating factor which stimulates uterine prostaglandin production (Norwitz, 2006). Immunological factors The immunological interactions between the blastocyst and the uterine decidua are essential in the regulation of the implantation process. Implantation is of immunological significance because the blastocyst contains half of its paternal genes hence it is immunologically foreign to its mother. Despite this fact, blastocyst implantation still turns out to be a successful process and the blastocyst is not rejected by the maternal immune system during normal implantation. This is down to the action of immunological factors. These factors are a combination of elements expressed by both the blastocyst and the uterus and they act together to ensure fetal survival. On the maternal side such factors include Interleukin-10 (Roth et al., 1996; Roth and fisher, 1999) which plays an important role in immunosuppression thus reducing the activity of the maternal immune system against the foetus (Norwitz, 2006). Another factor is 2, 3-dioxygenase (Kamimura et al., 1991; Munn et al., 1998) which has been found to be responsible for macrophage action during implantation (Norwitz, 2006). Uterine natural killer cells found in the stroma also play a role here as they produce cytokine, chemokines and angiogenic factors which all promote and regulate trophoblast invasion (King and Loke, 1997). On the fetal side, factors such as histocompatibility antigen, class I, G (HLA-G) have been found to be involved in preventing the maternal immune rejection of the semi-allogenic foetus (Lanier, 1999; Norwitz, 2006). Coordination of the regulatory factors within the window of implantation The window of implantation as defined earlier is characterized by the perfect synchrony of all the components that play a role in the implantation process. These include the endometrium, the blastocyst and the factors regulating the process of implantation. Figure 6 below illustrates how all these factors are coordinated during the implantation window. This shows that within the window of implantation, the endometrium is highly influenced by steroid hormones (oestrogen and progesterone) and the interaction between the blastocyst and the endometrium is as a result of stage-specific actions of different implantation factors. Figure 6: Events that take place within the implantation window. Source: Achache and Revel, 2006 (A) Endometrium proliferates under the enhancement of estrogen. (B) Progesterone from follicles that have been luteinized leads to endometrial differentiation. (C) The blastocyst makes its way to the uterus via the ostia and rolls freely over the endometrium with the aid of L-selectin signals. (D) MUC-1 repels the blastocyst and prevents it from adhering to areas on the endometrium with poor chances of implantation. (E) Cytokines and chemokines attract the blastocyst to the optimal implantation spot. (F) Adhesion molecules (e.g. integrins and cadherins) attach the blastocyst firmly to the endometrial pinopodes to ensure successful implantation. The functions of all the factors mentioned earlier further emphasize the importance of these components to the process of implantation. A lot of studies have also been carried out on some of these molecules to further establish their importance. A notable one amongst these molecules is the leukemia inhibitory factor. As mentioned earlier, this molecule has been identified to be critical to the process of implantation. Studies revealed that implantation did not occur in female transgenic mice that were homozygous for the deficiency of the gene responsible for the leukemia inhibitory factor (Aghajanova, 2004). It was further proven that the lack of implantation was not caused by faults in the embryo because the implantation of the same embryos occurred when they were transferred to pseudopregnant recipients. The addition of exogenous LIF to the females with this defective gene throughout the period of normal implantation restored implantation sites and allowed proper attachments of the blastocysts (Aghajanova, 2004). LIF and LIF mRNA has also been shown to be expressed throughout the menstrual cycle of women with proven fertility (Arici et al., 1995; Charnock-Jones et al., 1994). This was associated with peaks in the mid and late secretory phase, and in early pregnancy (Aghajanova, 2004). Leukemia inhibitory factor has also been found to be present in uterine flushings within the implantation window in fertile women. This characterized by gradually increasing concentrations from 7 days to 12 days after the LH surge (Laird et al., 1997). In future, the evidence and information obtained from similar studies may be applied clinically through a well regimented administration of LIF in a pharmaceutical form to improve implantation rates in both natural and assisted reproduction. IMPLANTATION AND ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY (ART) Successful pregnancy outcomes from assisted reproductive techniques such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) have largely depended on the process of implantation. The advances in ART techniques have not had a significant effect on implantation rates (Donaghay and Lessey, 2007) hence a lot of measures have been taken by ART units over the years in an attempt to optimize implantation rates. Assisted hatching (Cohen, 1991) is a well known procedure carried out in this regard. This involves the manual perforation of a blastocysts zona pellucida in order to separate the blastocyst from the zona pellucida just as it would have occurred during natural hatching. This may increase implantation and pregnancy rates in IVF cycles (Chao et al., 1997). The function of regulatory factors in the process of implantation indicates that a number of biomarkers can be adapted from these to determine the ideal period of endometrial receptivity which can be traced and monitored during IVF cycles (Haouzi et al. , 2009). These may include the detection and monitoring of some of the molecules and steroid hormones involved in implantation by making use of samples obtained from IVF treatment cycles such as follicular fluids and embryo culture supernatants. Fluorescent markers can also be used to highlight proteins and any other key component in the blastocyst involved in implantation. Continuous studies are being performed with the aim of discovering techniques that would improve implantation rates during ART treatments. CONCLUSION Over the years, the research carried out on implantation and the factors that control implantation has been done making use of mostly animal models with the exception of some that have employed the use of in vitro human systems. The use of animals in the study of implantation has many benefits as many factors and regulatory mechanisms are being discovered. However, it is difficult to precisely extrapolate results obtained from animal data into human cases. This is one of the problems being encountered by implantation studies as the difficulty and ethical significance associated with research using humans make scientists resort to the use of animal models. The process of implantation occurs with the uterus and the blastocyst in synchrony. It has been clearly shown that a lot of factors are responsible but the complete framework of the regulation of implantation has not yet been understood. With continuous research and more human-based studies, a better understanding of the process and regulation of implantation may be achieved in the future. REFERENCES Achache, H. and Revel, A., 2006. Endometrial receptivity markers, the journey to successful embryo implantation. Hum. Reprod. Update. 12(6), 731-746. Afonso, S., Romagnano, L. and Babiarz, B., 1997. The expression and function of cystatin C and cathepsin B and cathepsin L during mouse embryo implantation and placentation. Development. 124, 3415-3425. Aghajanova, L., 2004. Leukemia inhibitory factor and human embryo implantation. Ann. NY. Acad. Sci.1034, 176-183. Arici, A., Engin, O., Attar, E. And Olive, D.L., 1995. Modulation of leukaemia inhibitory factor gene expression and protein biosynthesis in human endometrium. J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 80, 1908-1915 Athanassiades, A., Hamilton, G.S., Lala, P.K., 1998. Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates proliferation but not migration or invasiveness in human extravillous trophoblast. Biol. Reprod. 59, 643-654. Barak, Y., Nelson, M.C., Ong, E.S. et al., 1999. PPAR gamma is required for placental, cardiac, and adipose tissue development. Molecular Cell 4, 585-595. Bazer, F.W., Wu, G., Spencer, T.E., Johnson, G.A., Burghardt, R.C. and Bayless, K., 2010. Novel pathways for implantation and establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in mammals. Mol. Hum. Reprod 16(3), 135-152. Benson, G.V., Lim, H., Paria, B.C. et al., 1996. Mechanisms of reduced fertility in Hoxa-10 mutant mice: uterine homeostasis and loss of maternal Hoxa-10 expression. Development. 122, 2687-2696. Bischof, P. and Campana, A., 1996. A model for implantation of the human blastocyst and early placentation. Hum. Reprod. Update. 2(3), 262-270. Chao, K., Wu, M., Chen, S., Yang, Y., Chen, H. and Ho, H., 1997. Assisted hatching increases the implantation and pregnancy rate of in vitro fertilization (IVF)-embryo transfer (ET), but not that of IVF-tubal ET in patients with repeated IVF failures. Fertil. Steril. 67(5), 904-908 Charnock-Jones, D.S., Sharkey, A.M., Fenwick, P. and Smith, S.K., 1994. Leukemia inhibitory factor mRNA concentration peaks in human endometrium at the time of implantation and the blastocyst contains mRNA for the rec

Accounting for Individuality

Accounting for Individuality Kadejia Jackson Peppers-Bates Utilitarianism and deontology contrast on many ethical principles. Utilitarianism is agent-neutral disregarding individual preferences, whereas deontology is agent-relative and takes a persons preferences into account. Utilitarianism also has a broad goal to maximize well-being and utility while deontology allows moral decisions to be driven by personal interest and ones own moral principles. Utilitarianism is not agent-relative, unlike deontology, instead it is agent-neutral which causes utilitarians to overlook individual interest and opinion in favor of maximizing overall utility. Utilitarianism does not account for the moral individuality of people. A utilitarian, unlike a deontologist, would rather have someone do something they dislike for the prospect of the good while a deontologist would allow a person to consider their own interests and account for other options in the moral decision making. In this paper, I will be contrasting the opinions of utilitarianism and deontology on the points of special obligations, options and constraints, topics seen in deontology, and how the lack of these point in utilitarianism cause it to be criticized by deontologist. In order to grasp the difference in which these two moral standards view people as individuals, its important to understand the basis of these theories. Starting with utilitarianism, this approach values well-being or utility. The overarching goal of this approach is to lead a life where cumulated decisions are made in the effort to maximizing utility. This approach also hold individuals to be valued the same. Since no one person is valued more than another, a utilitarian could be seen to value the many over the few if doing so would accrue more utility. This particular view is criticized by deontology for not considering a persons own interest and personal values. While on the subject of deontology, its important to recognize that deontology is an agent-relative approach and, unlike Utilitarianism, does recognize individual interest. Each of us is morally permitted to give special weight to our own interests, just because they are ours (McNaughton and Rawlings 35). A point made in deontology is that a person has special obligations or responsibilities to people they hold close and value more than others. Deontology also gives the idea of constraints that people hold because individuals can have different moral principles that keep them from making morally impermissible decisions. A deontologist can be constrained by the principle that killing is wrong and should never be done and in a dilemma where killing is a factor, the deontologist would uphold that principle. A utilitarian on the other hand would consider killing if doing so would have greater utility that not doing so. The third point in deontology involves options which allows people to not always follow through with actions that could be considered necessary or actions that maximize utility. Knowing the bases for these theories it could be understandable why deontologist would criticize utilitarianisms ability to understand individual moral differences. From the utilitarian point of view, its unnecessary to have special obligations. Take parenting for example, it would be expected that a parent would have an obligation to treat their child well because they value their child over others. For a utilitarian, treating children well should not be confined to just that one parents interest because well-being would increase if all children were treated well. Another point about special obligations is that not only does it allow one to consider those closest to them in their decision making, having special obligations is seen as having a duty to those whom a person has special relationships. Many people believe that not only are we permitted to do more for those close to us, but we are often required to put their interest first. We owe things to those with whom we have special relationship [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] that we do not owe to strangers (McNaughton and Rawlings 37). So, unlike utilitarianism, deontology strongly accounts for individuals relationships with others, especially those close to them. The second point included in deontology is having constraints. These prohibitions constrain in what we may do to any person, even in pursuit of good ends (McNaughton and Rawlings 38). As mentioned before, having constraints allows a deontologist to refrain from committing any act that would not abide by their moral principles. Utilitarianism on the other hand, would commit any act with the reward of maximizing utility. The strength of constraints also vary person to person but they are still something not seen in utilitarianism because an individuals constraints arent taken into account when making utilitarian actions. The final point in deontology, options, could be considered a strong factor that allows moral individuality of people. Options create the ability for different people to make a multitude of different decisions in any given situation because in deontology theyre given the option to do so. In Utilitarianism, the right option is the choice you make that accrues the most good. Deontology responds, in a way, to this by giving people choices and ability to consider multiple outcomes. Then, with special obligations and constraints taken into consideration, a person is able to make a decision that fits within their parameters rather than the objective decision to benefit the masses. To reiterate, what strongly separates deontology from utilitarianism is the concepts having special obligations, options, and constraints. Deontologists criticize utilitarians for overlooking these points during moral decision making. Utilitarians dont hold special relationships in regard for their actions because, to utilitarians, decisions are not made for those who a person holds close but instead they are made in order to produce the most good. Constraints are also disregarded for utilitarians because if a decision can be made that produces the most good, then that would be the right decision for a utilitarian, even if that decision would normally be opposed by a deontologist. Lack of constraints for utilitarians is also criticized by deontologists. Since maximizing utility is the goal for utilitarianism, options are forgone and replaced by the decisions that result in the most utility. Its due to this disregard of a persons personal connections, constraints, and options, utilita rianism is criticized for not considering the moral individuality of people. Personally, its difficult to assess which of these approaches are better. Deontology is appealing because it looks at many factors before coming to a decision. When making a decision as a deontologist, a person looks at how a decision would affect not only themselves but people they hold close. They would actually put those people before anyone else. A deontologist would also consider their constraints and what they are willing and not willing to do in a moral conundrum. On the other hand, utilitarianism values maximizing well-being for not only ones self but mainly for the greater population. It seems more selfless to try to do things to help others rather than yourself when contemplating decisions. Utilitarians also are willing to do things some people may be unwilling or hesitant to do if it would have the best benefit. When contemplating the appeals of both theories, the train track dilemma comes to mind. The train track dilemma has a runaway train that, if a switch is not pulled, the train could kill five people. Yet, on the other tracks, where the train will go if the switch is pulled, there lies only one person. The dilemma is then, if placed in this situation, whether you should allow the train to move forward and kill the five people, or should you flip the switch and redirect it to the one person. For a utilitarian, the decision is quite simple. individuals are all worth the same so saving five people would be worth more than saving one person; the switch would be pulled. For a deontologist, its harder because a strong deontological constraint is against murder and to pull the switch would basically be the direct murder of a person. If a deontologist didnt pull the switch, then they would not have broken their constraint and also not directly have killed. Personally, the deontological approach to the dilemma is unappealing. Not making a choice can be seen as making a choice in itself. The deontological idea of not pulling the switch leads to five people dead, and in my personal opinion, five people dead is worse than one person dead. Killing may be wrong, but like a utilitarian, its better if a fewer amount of people die. Although deontology criticizes utilitarianism for lacking the acknowledgement of individual morality, following deontology could possibly lead to worse consequences than following utilitarianism. This is what, in my opinion, make utilitarianism better. My decisions typically revolve around finding the best overall outcome rather than the outcome specifically tailored to my interests. Therefore, the theory that prioritizes maximum well-being seems the better of the two. Works Cited McNaughton, David, and Piers Rawling, Deontology. Ethics in practice: an anthology. 4th ed., edited by Hugh Lafollette, John Wiley Sons, 2014, pp. 35-39.

Culture and Ideology in the Movie, Seven Essay -- Movie Film Essays

Culture and Ideology in the Movie, Seven Samurai Many directors use their films as a means of glorifying, criticizing, or simply depicting, a particular ideological system. These ideologies are especially visible in foreign films, as the viewer is forced to assess the film from outside his or her culture and ideology, and consider the film in its proper context. Director Akira Kurosawa’s Japanese film Seven Samurai allows the viewer to understand several important aspects of Japanese culture and ideology. First, the film depicts the Japanese social class structure and its acceptance by the masses. Seven Samurai also reveals the pride of the Japanese, as well as the utilitarian, collectivist nature of their society. As one of the farmers explains early in the film, farmers are born to suffer, it is their lot in life. This illustrates the Japanese class system, and the lack of upward mobility in it. The characters in the film all accept their place in the class structure, however low, and do nothing to change it. Although the farmers enlist the help of samurai to defend their v...

The Anatomy of Abuse Essay -- essays research papers

The Anatomy of Abuse While this paper cannot be a definitive guide to the nature of the abuser, the victims relationship with the abuser and societies part in encouraging gender bias, I hope it will add to the pool of knowledge. It is my hope that, at least in a small way, this paper will be an aid towards helping us all understand the nature of domestic abuse and those who perpetrate or encourage it. George Rolph. London 2004. The abusers -- Actors in disguise. First and foremost abusers are actors. It makes no difference what gender the abusive personality is, their primary skill is to emulate normal behaviour in order to disguise their own condition. I have spoken to many victims of abuse who say that the person they met and fell in love with â€Å"gradually changed† into a monster. This is often one of the most confusing and distressing aspects of abuse from the victims point of view. It is also a situation that the abuser will exploit with varying degrees of vicious skill. While it is impossible to be specific on these subjects in every case, careful observation and research have uncovered certain general consistencies I want to discuss here. The question is; what is going on in the abusers mind that causes them to suddenly, or gradually, become abusive to their new partner? It appears that the abusive personality has learned, by observation and by mimicry of those around them, how to give every appearance of normality and stability for often quite extended periods of time. This means that they are able to convince new partners that they are really charming, wonderful people who should be trusted and are worthy of love and care. This act is easy to maintain in certain social situations and where the abuser has minimal contact with others in an average day. For example, in a work situation where he/she will be in contact with others for a maximum of eight hours per day. Another social situation may be one of casual friendships made in pubs and clubs. Under these conditions the actor (abuser) need only be convincing as a normal person for a minimum amount of time. This is why many friends of the abuser find it hard to believe that the person they think they know could be capable of such barbarity within a long term relationship. In the case of female abuse rs, this difficulty is compounded by social and political myths that see females only as victi... ... Men and boys are subjected to massive amounts of prejudice in everything from education provision; medical cancer research (breast versus testicular for example); housing provision; Divorce; the right to bring up their children alone; hugely insulting articles; newspaper stories and books; job security issues as a result of so-called â€Å"positive† discrimination; discriminatory advertising on the television; hate speech; political discrimination; legal rights and censorship of the male point of view in the media. If men complain about this they are ridiculed and called whiners sometimes by other so-called men in the media but, most often, by radical feminist media spokesmen. This prejudice has led to an explosion of single mothers and the most confused and damaged generation of children our country has ever known. Will someone please tell me the benefits of this utopian radical feminist, left wing view of modern society? * For a great cautionary tale of statistics and their manipulation go to this page on the Web: http://www.ifeminists.net/introduction/editorials/2004/0324.html Copyright  © George Rolph. April 2004 Founder of No More Silence. Contact: grolph(@)no-more-silence.org

Impact of Foreign Maids on Young Children

Project work Preliminary idea draft 3 -Qian Mengyuan 13s210 Choice of topic: access The problem: too much access to foreign maids Nowadays, due to the fast-paced work life, parents don’t have enough time to take care of their own children, hence they employ foreign maids to help them look after their children and manage household chores. As there is easy access [1]of maid service, there will be some impact (table 1) on the young children. Hence this project aims to reduce the negative impact and improve the quality of maids. Impact | |(+) | |Reduce the burden of parents | |Parents can be focused during work. | |Young children will not be lonely when parents are working. | |Enough infant education. | |(-) | |Children become lazy & cannot grow up independently. | |Maids are Unwell-trained-influence young children with bad habits e. g. azy, smoking. | |Very dangerous. Children may be hurt by the maids[2]. | |Poor relationships between parents and their children. | |Over-reliance of maids[3], | |â€Å" lazy society†[4] | Table1: the impact of easy excess maid service on young children and their parents. |Stakeholders |Why they ooperate | |? Parents who are too busy to look after their children |Safer and better environment for children to grow up. | |? the agencies[5] of foreign maids |Better quality will attract more customers. | |? students who study advertising &public relations in Temasek |Improve their advertising and publicity skills. | |polytechnic | | |? eighborhood committee of |Its their duty to ensure better life in the community. | In doing so, the collaboration will minimize the harmful impact as mentioned above. Proposals |Highlight plan: parents awareness day |Action plan: training plan | |Organization involved: |Organization involved: | |? +? |? | |Target audience: |Target audience: | |? Foreign maid who will be employed to take care of children. | |Objectives: | | |To raise the awareness of parents about their care of children. |Details of plan: | |Details of plan: |-connect with the maids agencies to train them by giving them | |- collect information of family with maids from the |certain lessons and conduct examinations after the lesson. |neighborhood committee |-after passing the exam they can then sign a guarantee. | |- let the children to write cards, make small gift and make |-certain amount of fine will be asked by the agency if maids | |videos -what they want to say to parents (done by ? ) to show |are complained. | |their need of parents. |-therefore maids will be more careful. | |- organize a â€Å"i want to say† session between parents and |-teach the maids how to help the children to grow up | |children to allow parents to know more about their children. independently by teaching them do simple housework with prize, | |- The committee educates parents about the importance of taking|but not do everything for them. | |more care of children. | | |-date:1/6/2013 | | |-place: meridian pri mary school(rent a room) | | Rationale: (+): -children will grow up independently, happily and learn to care about others | |the quality of maids will be ensured> more requirement | |the safety and good environment of young children will be ensured | |- Closer relationship between children and parents. | |(-):-the price for employing a maid will be increased because of the training. | [pic] Figure 1. [pic]Figure2 the â€Å"I want to say†¦Ã¢â‚¬ card for children to write down what they want to say to their parents. [pic] The paper heart shape made by children to show their love and need to their parents. [pic] Figure 3 Word Count: 496 [Excluding titles, headings/sub-headings (underlined) and footnotes] ———————– [1] Figure 1 [2] Malaysia – Indonesian maid hurling baby onto floor. http://videocombo. com/video. php? v=678&error=access_denied&error_code=200&error_description=Permissions+error&error_reason=user_denied &state#_=_ [3] Figure 2. A Singapore soldier’s shame? His maid carries his rucksack. ttp://translate. google. com. sg/translate? hl=zh-CN&sl=en&tl=zh-CN&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. globalpost. com%2Fdispatches%2Fglobalpost-blogs%2Fthe-rice-bowl%2Fsingapore-soldiers-shame-his-maid-carries-his-rucksack&anno=2 [4] But go-getter Singapore appears particularly reliant on its 200,000-plus maids. http://translate. google. com. sg/translate? hl=zh-CN&sl=en&tl=zh-CN&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. globalpost. com%2Fdispatch%2Fnews%2Fregions%2Fasia-pacific%2F120529%2Fsingapore-maid-domestic-servant-labor-rights&anno=2 [5] 1. Filipino maids agencies 2. Maid Agency in Singapore 3. Filipino maid

Unit Homework

You can gain access to the elf menu, for the quantum lab, by clicking on the bell in the stockroom. The general features of the inorganic simulation include 26 actions that cam be added to test tubes in any combinations, 11 reagents that can be added to the test tubes In any sequence and any number of times. The actions are located in the stockroom. You can gain access to the help menu, for the Inorganic lab, by clicking on the bell in the stockroom. Purpose You will learn to work in the Virtual Laboratory. Keep accurate records. Record your observation In the notes portion of the report.Procedure Part 1: Once the program has loaded, enter the quantum lab. Enter the stockroom. Note the bell on the counter. Click on the bell to gain access to the help screens for this lab. Become aware of what the help screen has to offer. Exit the help screen. â€Å"Play-around† with the lab and learn the features available. Part 2: Exit quantum lab and enter Inorganic lab. Click on the TV han dle in the top left side of the virtual lab. A screen will drop. This screen provide the current chemical status of what is contained in your selected test tube. Enter the stockroom.Note the bell on the counter. Click on the bell to gain access to the help screens for this lab. Become aware of what the help screen has to For this lab, record the most important concept that you learned in the Notes section: Notes: The lab allowed me to view what everything is and how to use them. The most important thing that I learned was how to use this lab. Knowing how to use this program will benefit me with the other lab that I need to work on. I didn't think that I would understand how to use the lab and this help but I still don't understand this completely. VS..) Assignment – Thomson Experiment As scientists began to examine atoms, their first discovery was that they could extract actively charged particles from atoms. They called these particles electrons. In order to understand the n ature of these particles, they wanted to know how much they weighed, and how much charge they carried. Thompson showed that if you could measure how much a beam of electrons were bent in an electric and magnetic field, you could figure out the ratio of mass to charge for the particles. You will repeat some of Thomson experiments in this lab.Procedure / Observations 2. Enter the Quantum Lab in VS†¦ Set up the optics table for this experiment by selecting Thomson Experiment on he clipboard (in the stockroom). What source is used in this experiment Electron gun What type of charge do electrons have? Negative What detector is used in this experiment and what does it do? A Phosphor Screen Push the grid button on the phosphor screen, then turn on the magnetic field to 3. 30TH (micro-Taste, measurement of magnetism). What happens to the spot from the election gun? Which way did it shift) Moved to 4. Turn off the magnetic field, and turn on the voltage of the electric field to VIVO. Wh at happens to the spot from the election gun? (which way did it shift) Moved to the left. In an electric field, the displacement of the electrons is related to their charge, mass, and velocity. The purpose of the Thomson experiment is to calculate the mass to charge ratio of the electron. The displacement of the electrons can be observed in this experiment, and the velocity can be calculated from the electric and magnetic fields.The forces produced by the electric and magnetic fields are CEQ and q 0 Vs.. B, respectively (where q is the charge of the electron, V is its velocity, E is the electric field, and B is the magnetic field). If the electric and magnetic forces are equal, then he velocity of the electron can be calculated from E and B (V=E/B). What two fundamental properties of the electron does its displacement depend on? Mass and Velocity Where should the signal on the phosphor screen be if the electric and magnetic forces are balanced? In the dead center Increase the voltag e of the electric field until the signal reaches the edge of the 5. Hockshop screen What voltage is required to deflect the electrons to the edge of the screen? 1 5. V Increase the magnetic field until the beam of electrons reaches the center of 6. The screen. What magnetic field creates a magnetic force that balances the electric force? 0. 0 When the electrical and magnetic forces are equal, what does the ratio of the electric field to magnetic field (E/B) give? 2. 48 x 105 Increase the electron gun energy to 500 eve 7. How does increasing the electron gun energy change the speed of the electrons?It moves to the right 1. 5 CM What voltage is required to deflect the electrons to the edge of the screen? Move than 999 eve than seen in the earlier experiment? It required more voltage because of the starting point Discussion Thompson lab was successful in showing that the mass and velocity are directly elated and they show the correlation between the magnetic forces being equal. This la b showed us how to accurately calculate the electron displacement theory. To calculate this you use E & B with the formula V=E/B. In our lab we got 2. 48 x 105 .Increasing our electron gun moved the electron speed to the right which showed the increasing electron speed. To increase the electrons completely to the edge of the screen which shows highest electron charge you'd need to increase it to 999. You need the increased voltage and eve because it needs all the positive charged electron and electricity to increase the speed and voltage. (VS..) Assignment – Milliken Experiment In the Thomson experiment, you discovered that you can use the deflection of an electron beam in electric and magnetic fields to measure the charge-to-mass ratio of an electron.If you then want to know either the charge or the mass of an electron, you need to have a way of measuring one or the other independently. Milliken and his student Harvey Fletcher showed that they could make very small oil drops and deposit small numbers of electrons on these drops. (1 to 10 electrons). They would then measure the total charge on the oil drops. You will get chance to repeat their experiments. Set up the optics table for this experiment by selecting Milliken Oil Drop Experiment on the clipboard (in the stockroom).Electron gun, oil mist and camera How does this source affect the oil droplets in the oil mist chamber? It doesn't effect it What do you observe from the video camera screen? Do all the oil drops fall at the same speed? No some fall fast and some fall slow. What force causes the drops to fall? Gravity causing the drops to fall The oil drops fall at their terminal velocities. The terminal velocity depends on the radius of the drops. By measuring the velocity of a droplet, the radius can be calculated. Then the mass of the drop can be calculated from its radius and the density of the oil.Why do the droplets fall at different velocities? Because of the radius of the droplets 3. Turn o n the electric field to 400 V. What do you observe on the detector screen? That some of the oil droplets still fall and the other rise at a rapid speed What type of charge do the drops have? Negative charge The force exerted on an oil drop by the electric field depends on the amount of charge deposited on the drop, since the force on a charged particle is CEQ. Each drop has a certain number electrons attached to it, so the charge on each drop is an integral multiple of the charge of an electron.By calculating the charge on several droplets, the charge of an electron can be determined. Besides the gravitational force, what other force affects the velocity of the charged oil drops. The voltage being increased began to exert more force upon the oil droplets which caused them to have an increased electron number attached increasing the droplets force exerting them up and down Will this force have more or less of an effect if the oil drop has more deposited electrons? Why? It will have m ore because it increases the electron charge causing them to go up and down.We were able to successfully reenact Milliken and Harvey Fletcher ability to show the current between oil drops and the electron deposits on them. Upon misting of respond much at all. They were very slow and only fell down with gravity. There wasn't enough to increase the electron charge within. Upon increasing of the veto 400 eve were able to see the positive charge that the oil drops obtained. This increasing the electron charge and causing the oil droplets to not only fall but also ounce back up due to their positive charges within. VS..) Assignment – Rutherford Backscattering Experiment A key experiment in understanding the nature of atomic structure was completed by Ernest Rutherford in 1911. He set up an experiment that directed a beam of alpha particles (helium nuclei) through a gold foil and then onto a detector screen. According to the â€Å"plum pudding† atomic model, electrons gloat around in a cloud of positive charge. Based on this model, Rutherford expected that almost all the alpha particles should not be deflected, but he expected a few to be slightly fleeted by electrons.However, he observed that alpha particles emerged at all angles, even straight backwards. He described the as â€Å". †¦ Almost as incredible as if you fired a 15-inch shell at a piece of tissue paper and it came back and hit you. † He suggested that the experiment could be understood if almost all of the mass of an atom was concentrated in a small, positively charged central nucleus. In this experiment, you will make observations similar to those of Professor Rutherford. Set up this experiment by selecting Rutherford Backscattering on the clipboard (in the stockroom). Phosphor screen What are alpha particles?Helium nuclei, which each have two protons, and two neutrons with a charge of +2 What detector is used in this experiment and what does it do? Phosphor screen detects cha rged particles like electrons and it glows momentarily at the positions where the particles impact the screen What is the signal in the middle of the screen? The alpha particles coming straight through the gold foil UN deflected or only slightly deflected What do the other signals on the screen mean? There are other momentarily spots of light these represent hits from alpha particles being deflected at small anglesAre most of the alpha particles undetected or deflected? Undetected According to the â€Å"plum pudding† model, what causes the slight deflection of some of the alpha particles? As the positively charged alpha particles pass through the gold atom, they are attracted to negative electrons and their path is slightly bent. 3. Now move the phosphor screen to the front left of the optics table in order to detect backwards scattering. What causes alpha particles to deflect backwards? A large mass in the center of the atom. How do the results of this experiment contradict the â€Å"plum pudding† atomic model?The mass of the gold atom is not spread over the full atomic volume but concentrated in a central atomic nucleus. Are the atoms of the fold foil composed mostly of matter or empty space Empty space How does this experiment show that almost all the mass of an atom is concentrated in a small, positively charged central nucleus? Most of the alpha particles came straight through with little or no deflections, but there was the occasional large deflection. Electrons, the path being slightly bent Why did Rutherford conclude that almost all the mass of an atom must be concentrated in a small, positively charged central nucleus?Most of the alpha particles came straight through with little or no deflections, but there was the occasional large deflection. If the mass of an atom were not concentrated, the number of deflections would be smaller and there would be no appearance of large deflections. The lab was to prove that particles are UN deflected and controlled by electrons. We were able to show how particles move, and we were able to describe them and incur that with the gold foil it actually deflected the atoms, causing their shapes to be seen. This proves that the atoms must be positively charged electrons